Aurangzeb, the sixth ruler of the Mughal Empire, remains one of the most controversial figures in Indian history. While his rule was marked by military expansion, religious orthodoxy, and policies that led to widespread resentment, there are lesser-known aspects of his personal life that provide insight into his character. One such intriguing habit was his daily practice of knitting caps. This seemingly humble and mundane activity contrasts sharply with his image as a ruthless and autocratic ruler. But why did Aurangzeb engage in such a task? Was it a personal pastime, an economic necessity, or an act of humility? Let’s delve into the historical and cultural reasons behind this unique practice.
Aurangzeb: The ruler and his reputation
Aurangzeb (1618–1707) ascended the Mughal throne in 1658 after a bloody war of succession against his brothers. Unlike his predecessors, Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan, who embraced a more inclusive and artistic approach to governance, Aurangzeb’s reign was characterized by strict Islamic policies, expansionist warfare, and the imposition of Sharia law.
His actions, such as the destruction of Hindu temples, reimposition of the jizya tax on non-Muslims, and execution of Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur, led to significant opposition. However, despite his harsh rule, Aurangzeb was also known for his personal austerity and disciplined lifestyle.
Aurangzeb’s personal austerity and religious beliefs
Unlike his predecessors, Aurangzeb did not indulge in luxury. He refrained from excessive spending, banned music and festivities at the court, and followed a frugal lifestyle. One of the most fascinating aspects of his simplicity was his insistence on earning his own livelihood through manual labour. This was a direct reflection of his devout adherence to Islamic principles, which encourage self-reliance and humility.
(Aurangzeb as depicted in Indian film, Chhaava)
According to historical accounts, Aurangzeb spent a portion of his time knitting prayer caps (taqiyah) and copying the Quran by hand. The income he earned from selling these caps was used for his personal expenses, as he refused to take money from the royal treasury for his own needs. This was an extraordinary practice for a monarch who controlled one of the richest empires in the world.
Symbol of humility or political messaging?
Aurangzeb’s practice of knitting caps can be viewed from different perspectives. Some historians argue that it was an act of humility, aligning with Islamic teachings that promote hard work and simple living. By earning his livelihood through manual labour, Aurangzeb sought to set an example of piety and self-discipline for his subjects.
However, others suggest that this was a calculated political move. By presenting himself as a devout and humble ruler, Aurangzeb aimed to strengthen his legitimacy among conservative Islamic scholars and the orthodox faction of his empire. At a time when he was criticized for his draconian policies, showcasing his personal austerity might have been a way to solidify his religious authority and justify his strict governance.
Contrasts with other mughal emperors
Aurangzeb’s simplicity starkly contrasted with the opulence of his predecessors. His father, Shah Jahan, is best remembered for commissioning the Taj Mahal, an extravagant symbol of love and architectural magnificence. His grandfather, Jahangir, was a connoisseur of art and luxury, and his great-grandfather, Akbar, was known for his liberal policies and grand courtly traditions. In contrast, Aurangzeb’s rejection of extravagance and his insistence on earning his own livelihood marked a significant shift in the Mughal tradition.
Legacy of Aurangzeb’s cap-knitting habit
Despite his controversial rule, Aurangzeb’s habit of knitting caps has intrigued historians and scholars. It serves as a reminder that rulers are complex individuals with personal convictions that may not always align with their public image.
(Aurangzeb as depicted in Indian film, Tanhaji)
Even in his final days, Aurangzeb continued to live by his principles. When he died in 1707, he left behind no grand tomb or vast wealth for his descendants. His burial site in Khuldabad, Maharashtra, is a simple grave, as per his wishes, a stark contrast to the elaborate mausoleums of other Mughal emperors.
Aurangzeb’s practice of knitting caps every day is a fascinating aspect of his life that sheds light on his austere and devout nature. Whether it was an act of humility, a personal discipline, or a political strategy, it remains a remarkable feature of his rule. While history continues to debate his legacy, this small yet significant detail reminds us that even the most powerful rulers can have unexpected habits that define their character beyond the battlefield and the throne.
Understanding such nuances allows us to see historical figures in a broader light, moving beyond their reputation to explore the complexities of their personalities. Aurangzeb remains a deeply divisive figure, but his habit of knitting caps serves as a compelling reminder of the human side of even the most formidable rulers.
